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Un- or de- (10/13/10)

 
Facebook and I don't take to each other very well. I'm curious if it's my computer programming background, my age, and/or my personality. Whatever ... CHICLE Language Institute has a Facebook page and we hope you'll all become fans of us there. However, it turns out that to have a business page, you need to have a personal page from which to set it up. An intern set us up one and called it CHICLE Staff. About two dozen people friended us at that page (Thank You!) instead of our business page because when you search for CHICLE, they both show up. How to shift them? Turns out you can't change the name of the personal page and you can't "unpublish" it. You have to close it to all but friends and then unfriend your inadvertent friends.
 
But I wanted to defriend them. I had no idea why that sounded better to me. I had recently deplaned, remembering how nutty I thought that word was the first hundred times I heard it. So, what could be easier than googling de- and un- and finding out the difference. Long story but all I came up with was a very obsure linguistic article titled A Synchronic Semantic Analysis of De- and Un- in American English, by Edna Andrews, published in American Speech, Vol. 61, No. 3 (Autumn, 1986), pp. 221-232.
 
The first page is visible on the Jstor website. First sentence: "Semantic analyses of the English prefixes have either tended to discuss the diachronic development of each prefix, or they have treated each morpheme as representing semantically distinct prefixes (cf. un(1)-[reversive], un(2)-[negative])."
 
Luckily, for all of us non-linguists, her conclusion is a little more clear. Un- is used to state that a quality doesn't exist but it needn't to have existed. She uses unpressed pants as an example. It makes sense whether or not the pants were pressed in the past. De-, however, does undo (sic) something. You defrost something that was frosted. She also talks about deformed and unformed.
 
Okay -- you don't plane and it seems to me that you don't unfriend someone unless they have friended you. Which probably implies that I didn't understand the article, of which I am certain, and definitely indicates that I'm extremely glad that I don't have to teach English learners the difference between de- and un-. For that we rely on our excellent ESL teachers.
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James Joyce (10/6/10)

 
I'm still in Ireland mode so I wanted to let you all know that James Joyce made his living teaching English at Berlitz. I suppose he was more famous for some other things but here are a few language-oriented biographical tidbits. I got them from his Wikipedia bio, which is quite interesting.
 
"Around [age 5] Joyce was attacked by a dog, which engendered in him a lifelong cynophobia. He also suffered from keraunophobia, as his deeply religious aunt had described thunderstorms to him as a sign of God's wrath." [See below.]
 
... He later enrolled at the recently established University College Dublin (UCD) in 1898, studying English, French, and Italian. 
 
... After [his mother's] death he continued to drink heavily, and conditions at home grew quite appalling. He scraped a living reviewing books, teaching and singing—he was an accomplished tenor, and won [a] bronze medal in 1904. 
 
... Joyce and Nora went into self-imposed exile, moving first to Zürich, where he had supposedly acquired a post to teach English at the Berlitz Language School through an agent in England. It turned out that the English agent had been swindled, but the director of the school sent him on to Trieste, which was part of Austria-Hungary until World War I (today part of Italy). Once again, he found there was no position for him, but with the help of Almidano Artifoni, director of the Trieste Berlitz school, he finally secured a teaching position in Pola, then also part of Austria-Hungary (today part of Croatia). He stayed there, teaching English mainly to Austro-Hungarian naval officers stationed at the Pola base, from October 1904 until March 1905, when the Austrians—having discovered an espionage ring in the city—expelled all aliens. With Artifoni's help, he moved back to Trieste and began teaching English there. He would remain in Trieste for most of the next ! ten years.
 
... Joyce concocted a number of money-making schemes during this period, including an attempt to become a cinema magnate in Dublin. He also frequently discussed but ultimately abandoned a plan to import Irish tweeds to Trieste. His skill at borrowing money saved him from indigence. What income he had came partially from his position at the Berlitz school and partially from teaching private students."
 
Definition 1 from Wikipedia:
"Cynophobia is the abnormal fear of dogs. Cynophobia is classified as a specific phobia, under the subtype "animal phobias". According to Dr. Timothy O. Rentz of the Laboratory for the Study of Anxiety Disorders at the University of Texas, animal phobias are among the most common of the specific phobias and 36% of patients who seek treatment report being afraid of dogs or cats. Although snakes and spiders are more common animal phobias, cynophobia is especially debilitating because of the high prevalence of dogs in the United States (estimated at over 62 million in 2003)."
 
Definition 2 from Wikipedia: "
Astraphobia, also known as astrapophobia, brontophobia, keraunophobia, or tonitrophobia, is an abnormal fear of thunder and lightning, a type of specific phobia. It is a treatable phobia that both humans and animals can develop. 
 
A person with astraphobia will often feel anxious during a thunderstorm even when they understand that the threat to them is minimal. Some symptoms are those accompanied with many phobias, such as trembling, crying, sweating, panic attacks, the feeling of dread, and rapid heartbeat. However, there are some reactions that are unique to astraphobia. For instance, reassurance from other people is usually sought, and symptoms worsen when alone. Many people who have astraphobia will look for extra shelter from the storm. They might hide underneath a bed, under the covers, in a closet, in a basement, or any other space where they feel safer. Efforts are usually made to smother the sound of the thunder; the person may cover their ears or curtain the windows." 
 
I'm reading Dubiners just now, which he wrote in his twenties. I had forgotten how wonderfully crafted each sentence is! What an English teacher he must have been.

x (9/17/10)

 
One more morsel from Here's Looking at Euclid. I'm sure you have all often wondered, as I have, just why algebra is all about x and not q or z or t. Oh, maybe you weren't an algebra teacher in a past life, as I was. Anyway, here's an excerpt:
 
"In La géométrie Descartes introduces what has become standard algebraic notation. It is the first book that looks like a modern math book, full of a's , b's and c's and x's, y's and z's. It was Descartes's decision to use lowercase letters from the beginning of the alphabet for known quantities, and lowercase letters from the end of the alphabet for the unknowns. When the book was being printed, however, the printer started to run out of letters. He inquired if it mattered if x, y or z was used. Descartes replied not, so the printer chose to concentrate on x, since it is used less frequently in French than y or z.  
 
PS I'm not sure about the use of those apostrophes with the individual letters. And I have written that Descartes's is acceptable, although I don't feel very accepting of it.

Paraprosdokians (9/8/10)

 
This is a new word from a long-ago-and-far-away friend from high school. 
 
A paraprosdokian (from Greek "παρα-", meaning "beyond" and "προσδοκ?α", meaning "expectation") is a figure of speech in which the latter part of a sentence or phrase is surprising or unexpected in a way that causes the reader or listener to reframe or reinterpret the first part. It is frequently used for humorous or dramatic effect, sometimes producing an anticlimax. For this reason, it is extremely popular among comedians and satirists. 
  • I asked God for a bike, but I know God doesn't work that way. So I stole a bike and asked for forgiveness.
  • Do not argue with an idiot. He will drag you down to his level and beat you with experience.
  • Light travels faster than sound. This is why some people appear bright until you hear them speak.
  • If I agreed with you we'd both be wrong. (JS's number 2 choice)
  • We never really grow up, we only learn how to act in public. (JS's number 3 choice)
  • Knowledge is knowing a tomato is a fruit; Wisdom is not putting it in a fruit salad.
  • Evening news is where they begin with 'Good evening', and then proceed to tell you why it isn't.
  • To steal ideas from one person is plagiarism. To steal from many is research.
  • How is it one careless match can start a forest fire, but it takes a whole box to start a campfire?
  • Dolphins are so smart that within a few weeks of captivity, they can train people to stand on the very edge of the pool and throw them fish.
  • A bank is a place that will lend you money, if you can prove that you don't need it.
  • Whenever I fill out an application, in the part that says "If an emergency, notify:" I put "DOCTOR".
  • I didn't say it was your fault, I said I was blaming you. (JS's #1 choice)
  • A clear conscience is usually the sign of a bad memory.
  • Always borrow money from a pessimist. He won't expect it back.
  • I used to be indecisive. Now I'm not sure.
  • Nostalgia isn't what it used to be.
  • Some people hear voices. Some see invisible people. Others have no imagination whatsoever.
  • A bus is a vehicle that runs twice as fast when you are after it as when you are in it.
  • Change is inevitable, except from a vending machine.

 

This is only a selection of what Mary Lou sent out. You can see many more at Wikipedia of course, some funny, some not so funny.
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Base 20 (9/1/10)

 
I'm reading a truly fun book called Here's Looking at Euclid: A Surprising Excursion through the Astonishing World of Math, by Alex Bellos. I used to teach math to adults with "Math Anxiety", trying to get them to try books about math, given that there's a lot of good literature available and hoping that their left brain would trigger their interest. It was not a very successful approach I fear.
 
This book starts out with numbers. We count in base 10, computers in base 2, and, which I didn't know, medieval Englanders in base 20. Here are their first 20 numbers. 
 
1. Yan
2. Tan
3. Tethera
4. Pethera
5. Pimp
6. Sethera
7. Lethera
8. Hovera
9. Covera
10. Dik
11. Yan-a-dik
12. Tan-a-dik
13. Tethera-dik
14. Pethera-dik
15. Bumfit
16. Yan-a-bumfit
17. Tan-a-bumfit
18. Tethera-bumfit
19. Pethera-bumfit
20. Piggot
 
What wonderful words. Math can be fun! It turns out that there is some consensus, first noted in the 17th century, that base 12 is the most practicable. You'll have to read the book to find out why. There's also lots of information at Wikipedia, but it's less fun to read.
 
Although I was a math major and math teacher, I also never knew that calculus is Latin for pebble, which is what people used for counting long ago.
 
Finally (for this week), who knew how influential and odd Phythagoras was!

# (8/25/10)

 
What do you call that symbol? Number sign? Numeral sign? Pound sign? This came up for Victoria, one of our translators, who was doing a recording in Spanish. Each of our native Spanish speakers came up with a different word or expression. Webster's Online Dictionary has a great page with names, history, meanings, and translations. In English: 
 
    •    comment sign - computer languages
    •    crosshatch - what it looks like
    •    fence, gate, grid, gridlet - what it looks like
    •    hash / hash mark / hash sign - most common English except for US
    •    hex - programming
    •    mesh    
    •    octothorp / octothorpe / octathorp / octatherp - Huh?
    •    pound - US, never in UK
    •    sharp - music (not exact but the best thing a keyboard has)
    •    space - editors for proofing
 
In Spanish the options are: numeral, cardinal, cuadradillo, almohadilla ("cushion"), michi, gato, tatetí (the last three meaning "tic-tac-toe")
    
I like the Italian as well: cancelletto (small gate)
 
Check the Webster's page for other languages and an interesting discussion.

Dish, Bee TV, Recipe (8/19/10)

 
Just a few links today. I have no idea how I came to this Word Reference dictionary page that translates dish from English to Spanish. But it is astonishing how many uses of the word there are. Perhaps my favorite are the discussions about dish it out although I didn't understand most of the Spanish. 
 
For those of you who want some foreign language listening and viewing opportunities, check out Bee TV. What a small world it is getting to be.
 
Finally, this has nothing to do with language but everything to do with the globalization of food and the wonderful smell in my kitchen this morning. Buy an assortment of the beautiful peppers at the farmers' markets and try this roasted pepper recipe. I used lots of different colored peppers. I did not oil the peppers before broiling and I let them sit longer than ten minutes in the bag so that they weren't so hot to handle.

Pillarization (7/28/11)

 

I'm cheating a little with this word. I  have been obsessing on separatism, diversity, and multiculturalism for some time now. Kosovo, Wake County, the World Cup, South Africa, Arizona, Belgium, Israel/Palestine ... And I was recently in Barcelona.
 
For those who also suffer from World Cup withdrawal, I recommend a weekly half-hour BBC podcast to you called World Football. It was here that I heard the pride and pain of Barcelonans in Spain's win. They couldn't get used to (or accept) seeing all those Spanish flags in Cataluña.
 
However, I couldn't figure out how to tie all of this in to a language blog. Until I found this new word at Wikipedia: pillarization. [I changed the "sation" to "zation" throughout.]
 
Pillarization is a term used to describe the denominational segregation of Dutch and Belgian society. These societies were (and in some areas, still are) "vertically" divided in several smaller segments or "pillars" according to different religions or ideologies.
 
These pillars all had their own social institutions: their own newspapers, broadcasting organizations, political parties, trade unions, banks, schools hospitals, universities, scouting organizations, and sports clubs. Some companies even hired only personnel of a specific religion or ideology. This led to a situation where many people had no personal contact with people from another pillar.
 
Austrian, Northern Irish, Israeli, and Maltese societies were or are other examples of this phenomenon.
 
As was the US before the Civil Rights revolution.  
 
I also want to refer you to other Wikipedia pages that are comprehensive: multiculturalism and separatism. The list of ethnic and religious separatist movements is truly astonishing and too long to enter here. We live in a very complex world.

Collocation (7/22/10)

 
I may have written about this before, but, if I have, I've forgotten what it means. I was reminded of it by an email from a Spanish language listserv I'm on -- Blog de lengua Española. Collocations are words that appear together more often than they would by chance. The author, Alberto Bustos, gives as examples vino tinto, which is used for red wine in Spanish-speaking countries. We say red wine, the French, who should know, say vin rouge. But it would be clear that you're not a native speaker if you asked for ! vino rojo. Another Spanish example is dar un paseo, used for take a walk, but literally meaning give a walk. 
 
A rather erudite write-up on Wikipedia states that "Knowledge of collocations is vital for the competent use of a language: a grammatically correct sentence will stand out as 'awkward' if collocational preferences are violated. This makes collocation an interesting area for language teaching."
 
Here are a few English collocations I found in online dictionaries: strong tea, bosom buddies, heavy drinker, dead serious, hard frost, perform an operation, commit a crime, extremely happy, highly sophisticated. But I couldn't find a website that really had fun with these. So, I think I'll have a glass of vino tinto tonight.
 

Here's an email I got from Rietta. 
 
This reminds me of some questions asked by a guy called Steven Wright - 
  • why does "fat chance" and "slim chance" mean the same thing?
  • why is it "after dark" when it is really "after light"?
  • why are "wise man" and "wise guy" opposites?

Um ... Spoonerisms and Irish Bulls (7/8/10)

I talked last week about the book Um ..., by Michael Erard. He says that "Uh/Um" are the most common type of pause filler in many languages and that the sounds take the least effort to pronounce. An interesting finding from the book: "...humanities professors said 'you know' and 'uh' more frequently than social science professors -- 4.85 'uhs' per minute to the social scientist's 3.84."

 
A Spoonerism is an exchange of sounds between words to produce new words or an exchange of words. "Heft lemisphere"; "jawfully loined"; "with this wing I thee red"; (my favorite in the book) "Give three cheers for our queer old Dean" as Reverend William Spooner of Oxford University is said to have toasted Queen Victoria; "Must you stay, can't you go".

One last excerpt -- Erard talks about "Irish Bulls", "a remark which appears rotund and meaningful enough, until our apprehension actually arrives upon it, when there is simply nothing there, as Max Eastman put it. Example: 'May you never live to see your wife a widow'."
 
Wikipedia has some examples:
  • "These are your three Number One priorities." - Missy Jaroneski, former VP of IT (company undisclosed).
  • "If I could drop dead right now, I'd be the happiest man alive." - Samuel Goldwyn, movie producer (1882-1974)
  • "Always go to other people's funerals, otherwise they won't come to yours." - Yogi Berra, baseball player (1925- )
  • "Back to back, they faced each other" - Anonymous
  • "He'd be turning in his grave if he were alive today" - Anonymous
  • "Hold me back while I hit him" -Anonymous
  • "It would be a lovely day if it wasn't for the weather" -Anonymous
  • "He had a sword in each hand and a rifle in the other," -Anonymous

 

Followup: We got an email from Michael Erard, author of Um ... 

It read:

"Thanks for talking about Um... and mentioning it on your blog. You should know about my next book, Babel No More, about language superlearners and the upper limit of the ability to learn and speak languages. There's a website: www.babelnomore.com."
 
When I replied, asking him how he happened to see the mention, he responded: "It's a cocktail: Google + procrastination." I totally understand.
Next week ... optics, optically, optic .. Huh?
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