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Ungendering Nouns in Spanish (6/29/11)

Sharon Mújica and I have just returned from a week-long trip to Oaxaca, Mexico, with Witness for Peace. It was an amazing, intense week that we are still trying to assimilate. Just before I left on the trip, I saw an advertisement for a brand new and relevant book that I downloaded to my iPad (which served me very well on the trip!). The book is No Word for Welcome: The Mexican Village Faces the Global Economy, by Wendy Call. [Addition: the author's father lives in Chapel Hill and has studied at CHICLE. We will be presenting Wendy and her book in March, 2012, when she comes on a book tour and to visit him.]

From Publishers Weekly: "Locals know the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the 120-mile-wide strip of land that connects the Yucatan Peninsula to Oaxaca and Veracruz, as 'Mexico's little waist.' The region is a hotbed of environmental and economic issues, such as the industrial shrimp farming that threatens to leave behind 'the coastal equivalent of a desert.' Drawing on research, extensive interviews, and firsthand experiences living there in the early 2000s, Call, a translator of Mexican poetry and fiction, portrays villagers' traditional ways of life in the throes of massive change."

It is about an area south of where we were but one having many of the same problems we learned about.

As Spanish students know, gendered nouns are one of the stumbling blocks to learning the language. Each noun must be memorized along with its gender. While there is often no rhyme or reason (that we know of), it does become clear that nouns that have both male and female endings are mostly used in the male form (as in the past we used "he/his/him" primarily in English) or by repeating the word in both forms (niños y niñas, chicos y chicas). I loved the following solution, reported in the book.

"Early in the afternoon the entire Zaptista delegation arrived in Oaxaca City and stood in front of a billboard-sized banner that announced in a gaudy rainbow-palette,'Bienvenid@s EZLN.' The 'o' enclosing the 'a' de-gendered the Spanish greeting and welcomed all the leaders of the Zapatista National Liberation Army, both male and female."

For those of you who question whether "Welcome"  (bienvenid@s) in this phrase is a noun, our grammar expert has just explained to me that it can be taken as short for "We offer welcome to all of you." This doesn't, of course, solve the problem when you are speaking (Bienvenidos y bienvenidas EZLN) instead of writing—much as we haven't resolved the pronoun problem in English. Neither does it solve the problem if the masculine version of the noun ends in an e instead of an o (Señores y Señoras). But it's clever!

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Genderize and bilingualism (6/7/11)

I saw Potiche this weekend, a French film with Catherine DeNeuve in full form—a force. There were some fun Bollywood moments, including the closing song, C'est beau, la vie. How lucky we English speakers be, with our ungenderized nouns. Of course beau is masculine and vie feminine. Asking a translator friend of mine why one didn't sing "C'est belle, la vie", she replied "because the subject is Ce, which is masculine." One could also sing "La vie est belle."

Of course in Spanish, where you leave the subject out of most sentences, one would say "Es bella, la vida" and "La vida es bella." Just in case you think all romance languages have the same grammar.

Please know that genderize really is a verb. Wiktionary provides the following:

genderize (third-person singular simple present—genderizes, present participle—genderizing, simple past and past participle—genderized)
1.    (transitive) To bestow gender upon; to make male or female. 
quotations 2002, Helene P Foley, Female Acts in Greek Tragedy. Yet the implications of implicitly genderizing ethical positions in these particular plays may be even more far reaching than it appears on the surface.


For non-New York Times readers, Miriam found an interesting article about bilinguilism that you may not have seen. "The bilinguals, we found, manifested a cognitive system with the ability to attend to important information and ignore the less important." Those were young children. Bilingualism also makes you a better multi-tasker and may delay Alzheimer's. However, "You have to use both languages all the time. You won’t get the bilingual benefit from occasional use."

Anomia (5/18/11)

I subscribe to way too many language blogs but do have one favorite. I invite those of you who enjoy the English language addenda to subscribe to it. If you read the recent email below, you'll see why I recommend Anu and his co-workers. He has been doing this since 1994! He sends out a daily email with a word based on a weekly theme and once a week an email containing responses to that week's words. The responses are as much fun to read as the originals. There are very many clever, even obsessed, word addicts out there. You can find more information about the work at the A Word A Day website.

A.Word.A.Day

with Anu Garg

The English language is one big happy family that has something for everyone. It has a word for someone who never laughs (agelast) and a word for one who laughs too much (abderian). It has a word for fear of lightning (astraphobia) and a word for hatred of reason (misology). And in between these words, there are words for almost everything under the sun (and beyond).

This week we'll visit a few terms that make one say, "I didn't know there was a word for that!"

anomia

PRONUNCIATION:(uh-NOH-mee-uh)

MEANING: noun: The inability to recall names of people or objects.

ETYMOLOGY: From Latin a- (without) + nom (name). Earliest documented use: 1900. Don't confuse the word with anomie.

USAGE: "In Dad's case of anomia, he's been calling his nightly can of beer 'ink'. Sometimes he calls it 'gas', which makes a kind of sense."

Patricia Traxler; I'm Still Listening for My Father's Words; Newsweek (New York); Jun 11, 2007.

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Harkers Island Speak (4/28/11)

As beach season seems to have arrived, I'm copying below something I got via Sue Mathias who got it from Eddie, Alison and Anna of Core Sound Seafood.

"As previewed in last week's email, I wanted to talk a little bit about the unique accent found Downeast. One of our shareholders, Carmine Prioli, is a writer who has written about the heritage of Downeast fishing culture and the challenges fishermen are facing in a beautiful book entitled Hope for a Good Season. As part of this book, he writes about the Harker's Island dialect and I wanted to share it here.

He writes: 'Many Harkers Islanders believe their distinctive brogue is a variant of the Elizabethan English of Shakespearean times. It is true that aspects of their language, such as pronunciation, vocabulary and grammatical constructions can be traced to the British Isles, especially to eastern and southwestern England. A linguistic study by the North Carolina Language and Life Project has shown, however, that the modern Harkers Island brogue shares features with other regional dialects, including New England and mainland North Carolina. Although it often takes a trained ear to discern the subtle differences in the 'hoi toider' speech of Outer Banks communities, the current version of the Harker's Island dialect "mix" is rich with colourful expressions and vocabulary. Unlike the more widely known village of Ocracoke, where the dialect has long been influenced by tourism and a large number of transplanted residents, Harkers Island has until recently remained semi-isolated, despite the bridge connecting it to the mainland. One linguistic trait that many islanders share is saying the opposite of what they mean: 'Well, you're looking right ugly today! would actually be quite a compliment.' (Prioli, 1998)

Eddie and Alison live on Harker's Island, where Eddie was born and raised, a 4th generation fishermen. They have taught me all sorts of selected Harker's Island vocabulary. A few examples:

"gale"= a high wind, "You can't fry cornbread with a southeast gale." (Means you can't do anything with a southeast wind, not even fry cornbread at home.)

dingbatter" = any visitor or transplanted resident of Harkers Island, "We've been right much plagued with dingbatters lately."

"feesh"= fish, "Eddie's not here. He's a-feeshin' to Core Sound today."

"gadding about"=out on a day trip, visiting someone or shopping, "Alison's been a-gadding about."

"nicket"=a pinch of something when cooking, "A nicket of salt will do."

"prog"=to feel in the mud for clams with your bare feet under water, "When we were kids we used to go over to Shackleford to prog for clams."

Hope that was a bit of an introduction into part of the Harker's Island and larger Downeast culture!"

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Um and Uh, Postmodern Generator (4/11/11)

I read an odd book recently, named The Most Human Human: What Talking with Computers Teaches Us About What It Means to Be Alive, by Brian Christian. He competed against computers for human recognition. The book contains lots of random information, including this interesting bit about um and uh.

Most languages have two distinct terms, just as English does: If they are simply errors, why would there be two, and why in every language? Furthermore, the usage pattern of "uh" and "um" shows that speakers use "uh" before a pause of less than a second, and "um" before a longer pause. This information suggests two things: (1) that the words are far from interchangeable and in fact play distinct roles, and (2) that because these words are made before the pauses, speakers must be anticipating in advance how long the following pause will be.

He goes on to say that this may be meaningless grammatically, but certainly not with regard to usage. I'm listening to myself and think he's right.

These words are fillers, also known to Wikipedia as Speech Disfluencies, a lovely term! The article notes that "Speech disfluencies have also become important in recent years with the advent of speech-to-text programs and other attempts at enabling computers to make sense of human speech." Also that "Use is normally frowned upon in mass media such as news reports or films, but they occur regularly in everyday conversation, sometimes representing upwards of 20% of "words" in conversation.

Postmodern Generator

A bonus for you academics and anti-academics and related to computers versus humans is this lovely Postmodern Generator. Amazing new articles are posted regularly.

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Sausage (3/9/11)

This word has generated more conversation within the office than you can imagine. Our wonderful neighbor and refuge, Elmo's Diner, has asked us to translate their menu into Spanish. Bagels, malteds, English muffins, refill, grits, collards, ... But the hardest word has been sausage. American style pork breakfast sausage is not eaten in Latin America, so we have been trying to come up with the best equivalent—salchicha, chorizo, embutido, salchichón ... None of these work as is. At the moment we're going with salchicha de desayuno. We'll let you know when Elmo's has the new menu ready. Then you'll have one more place to practice your español.

Cairene, a demonym (2/9/11)

With all the news from Cairo that I have read and listened to, I have only read this word one time and never heard it spoken. It is the demonym for a person from Cairo. Demonym is the word I am really interested in in today's addendum, but I was afraid that if I used that as the title, no one would ever link to it.

I was sure that there must be a word to describe places of residence, like Chapel Hillians, Carrboroites (?), and Beiruti, which was the word that originally sent me searching. Google expert that I am, I couldn't find it. So, thanks to Sue Mathias, one of our English teachers, for finding it. However, don't link to the Wikipedia page on demonym that she found unless you have several free minutes, because it is both long and fascinating! The development of these words is clearly quite organic.

It does absolve our ignorance though. "The term demonym is not widely employed or known outside geographical circles and does not yet appear in mainstream dictionaries. It is used by some geographers, both online and within their studies and teaching."

It's derivation is Greek and related to deme and demos. "A demonym, also referred to as a gentilic, is a name for a resident of a locality and is derived from the name of the particular locality. The word demonym comes from the Greek word for "populace" with the suffix for "name" (-nym). In English, the demonym is often the same as the name of the people's native language (the people of Italy are called Italian, which is also the name of their language). The term is foreshadowed in demonymic, which the Oxford English Dictionary defines as the name of an Athenian citizen according to the deme to which he belonged, with first usage traced to 1893." 

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Up (2/2/11)

We have a guest column this week. Much thanks to Dorrie Casey for this! She sent it in response to an earlier email decrying the difficulty of learning to use the subjunctive in English. This column can also be found at Funnrock, The Southern Lady, and many other sites. So, unfortunately, I don't know whom to credit for its origination.

"This two-letter word in English has more meanings than any other two-letter word, and that word is 'UP.'  It is listed in the dictionary as an [adv], [prep], [adj], [n] or [v].

It's easy to understand UP, meaning toward the sky or at the top of the list, but when we awaken in the morning, why do we wake UP?

At a meeting, why does a topic come UP? Why do we speak UP, and why are the officers UP for election and why is it UP to the secretary to write UP a report? We call UP our friends, brighten UP a room, polish UP the silver, warm UP the leftovers and clean UP the kitchen. We lock UP the house and fix UP the old car.

At other times this little word has real special meaning. People stir UP trouble, line UP for tickets, work UP an appetite, and think UP excuses.

To be dressed is one thing but to be dressed UP is special.

And this UP is confusing: A drain must be opened UP because it is stopped UP.

We open UP a store in the morning but we close it UP at night. We seem to be pretty mixed UP about UP!

To be knowledgeable about the proper uses of UP, look UP the word UP in the dictionary. In a desk-sized dictionary, it takes UP almost 1/4 of the page and can add UP to about thirty definitions

If you are UP to it, you might try building UP a list of the many ways UP is used. It will take UP a lot of your time, but if you don't give UP, you may wind UP with a hundred or more.

When it threatens to rain, we say it is clouding UP. When the sun comes out we say it is clearing UP. When it rains, it soaks UP the earth. When it does not rain for awhile, things dry UP. One could go on & on, but I'll wrap it UP, for now ........ my time is UP!

Oh, one more thing: What is the first thing you do in the morning & the last thing you do at night?

U
P!

Don't screw UP. Send this on to everyone you look UP in your address book..   

Now, I'll shut UP."

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Subjunctive in English (1/26/11)

Yes, Virginia (and Hannah), English does use the subjunctive. Those who have studied Spanish know that the subjunctive hangs out there as a bug-a-boo. [BUG-A-BOO 1. An object of obsessive, usually exaggerated fear or anxiety. 2. A recurring or persistent problem. From Answer.com.] Descriptions and examples of its use are intimidating primarily because it is a mood [The mood of a verb indicates what type of role it plays in a sentence and/or the speaker's attitude toward it. From Spanish.about.com.] and because perceiving a speaker's attitude is tricky.

Wikipedia has a lengthy discussion of the use of the subjunctive in English, but here are a few common uses mentioned in its article.

  • I asked that it be done yesterday.
  • If that were true, I would know it.
  • It's high time (that) we bought a new car.
  • It's time I be the pitcher.
  • If I had seen you, I definitely would have said hello.
  • It is important that he have completed two years of Spanish before graduation.
  • If I were to die tomorrow, then you would inherit everything.
  • Her insistence that he leave seems (or seemed) rude.
  • I would that the subjunctive be restored to glory.
  • If I were a rich man ...
  • I am putting your dinner in the oven in order that it (may) keep warm.
  • Johnny asked me if I were afraid.  

I actually think that learning the use of the less common English subjunctive may be trickier than learning the more commonly used Spanish.

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